Jet fuel prices have more than doubled since late February, reaching around $180 per barrel from $80. The surge has pushed airlines across the Asia-Pacific region to raise base fares and add fuel surcharges while trying not to push passengers away.

Fuel accounts for one-third of operating costs. Since the Iran war began in late February, carriers have increased base fares or added extra fees. Passenger traffic fell five consecutive months from April to August, rebounding slightly in September.

Overall passenger traffic grew by 1.9% for the first nine months of the year. Airlines also face aircraft delivery delays and high maintenance costs for older planes. Many passengers book flights months in advance, locking in fares before fuel prices rise, which adds pressure to balance cost absorption and price competitiveness.